Both Berman and Reich looked at Trump’s Friday speech as a preamble to the plans of the Trump Regime to take over the Midterm elections. Each has an in-depth analysis of the Trump speech that goes beyond the plethora of lies that constituted its content. Both have suggestions on how to fight it.
The Real Problems Trump Ignores | The Coffee Klatch with Robert Reich
“Minority Rule: The Right-Wing Attack on the Will of the People — and the Fight to Resist It” with Ari Berman on Democracy Now!
Also included at the end of the post is a video by Bill Clinton about what is happening in Congress and the Supreme Court, what has constituted some actions to put Trump in his place but also what there is to be concerned about.
And finally, a brief note describes how the phrase “We the people” in the Constitution’s Preamble came to stand for ALL the people in a national sense.
In a primetime address on Thursday, President Trump accused China of meddling in U.S. elections in his latest effort to spread doubt about the U.S. voting system ahead of the midterm elections in November. Trump announced he was declassifying documents that show what he called “shocking vulnerabilities in our election infrastructure,” but offered no evidence that China or any other country directly interfered with recent elections.
“If Trump was trying to build … a smoking gun case that the 2020 election was stolen, he failed miserably,” says Ari Berman, the national voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones. “I am still very concerned that this speech is intended to lay the groundwork for the administration to interfere in the midterms.”
Berman argues that U.S. elections are “secure” and that results are “audited extensively at the state level” and reviewed at the federal level. He says the 2020 election, which Trump lost to Joe Biden, was “found to be the most secure in American history.”
Transcript
This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMYGOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org. I’m Amy Goodman, with Juan González.
President Trump used a primetime address Thursday night to accuse China of interfering with the 2020 election, despite a U.S. intelligence assessment finding no evidence to support his claim. A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson said Trump’s accusations were, quote, “totally fabricated and a malicious smear,” unquote.
During the speech, Trump announced he was declassifying documents that show what he called “shocking vulnerabilities in our election infrastructure,” but Trump offered no evidence that China or any other nation had directly interfered with the recent elections, including in 2020, when President Trump lost to Joe Biden. This is part of what Trump said last night.
PRESIDENTDONALDTRUMP: Put together, these disclosures reveal an election system so broken and so vulnerable that no one can possibly defend it. It is not defensible. Hundreds of millions of U.S. voter files are in the hands of foreign governments. Our machines and ballot-counting systems are exposed to hacking and manipulation and corruption. China and other countries have been trying to meddle in our elections. Evidence of fraud has been buried. Hundreds of thousands of noncitizens and dead people are listed and active on the voter rolls, and yet we still have elections with no voter ID, no proof of citizenship, and tens of millions of ballots floating aimlessly through the mail.
AMYGOODMAN: After the speech, all 24 Democratic governors in the United States issued a joint statement saying, quote, “It’s deeply alarming that President Trump continues to try to undermine free and fair elections. No amount of lies and conspiracy theories can change the fact that our country’s elections have repeatedly been proven to be safe and secure. These attacks are intended to intimidate and silence voters,” the governors wrote.
President Trump ended his speech by urging lawmakers to pass the SAVE America Act.
PRESIDENTDONALDTRUMP: But most importantly, addressing this crisis of election security demands that Congress must pass the SAVE America Act. How easy is that to do, unless you want to cheat? The only reason you wouldn’t do it is you want to cheat, because your policies are so bad and your candidates are so pathetic that you can’t get away or can’t get elected any other way.
AMYGOODMAN: Voting rights activists have warned the SAVE America Act could disenfranchise millions of eligible voters.
We’re joined now by Ari Berman, the national voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones, author of the book Minority Rule: The Right-Wing Attack on the Will of the People — and the Fight to Resist It.
Ari, what were your takeaways from last night’s primetime address? Fascinatingly, a number of news outlets did not run it live or pulled away to it — away from it to counter what they said were President Trump’s lies, that they weren’t just going to give him a platform for them.
ARIBERMAN: Hi, Amy. Well, thank you for having me back on the show. It’s an honor to be on twice in one week.
But I have to say that Trump’s speech was shockingly weak. It had no new evidence, despite him claiming that there would be really big news — no new evidence about the 2020 election, no evidence that votes were tampered in some kind of way, that election equipment was accessed in some kind of way. The declassified documents did not show what claimed — Trump claimed they purported to show. And so, really, if Trump was trying to build another case, because he’s been making this argument for six years but was trying to build a smoking gun case that the 2020 election was stolen, he failed miserably.
That said, I am still very concerned that this speech is intended to lay the groundwork for the administration to interfere in the midterms and that his speech is going to ratchet up pressure to interfere in the midterms. And he’s going to point to all the things he’s done, all the intelligence he’s declassified, and say, “Now I have evidence,” even though he doesn’t have the evidence, but he’s going to claim he has the evidence to do things like attempt to seize voting machines, stop mail voting, require proof of citizenship to register to vote. And so, even though the speech itself was very underwhelming, the threats to fair elections remain, and, if anything, have gotten more dire in the wake of the speech.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Ari, I’m wondering if you could comment on two things: one, this whole issue of this president talking about interference in elections, when he’s directly tried to influence or interfere elections recently in Argentina, in Colombia, in Honduras, actually threatening voters in those countries if they didn’t vote for — what the United States would do if they didn’t vote for his candidate, and also this whole issue of dead people. He keeps raising dead people voting. Well, anybody who knows anything about elections knows the last thing a family thinks about when a loved one dies is removing them from the voter rolls. So, it usually will take about two years or more for any state to actually purge people who have passed away from their voter rolls. He doesn’t talk about dead people voting; he talks about the dead people being on the rolls. Wondering your thoughts.
ARIBERMAN: Yeah, Juan, those are all really good points. I want to make a comments in response to them. Number one, if anyone has benefited from foreign interference in U.S. elections, it’s been Donald Trump. He benefited from Russian interference in the 2016 election. He benefited from Russian interference the 2020 election. He totally ignored the evidence of that. So, to the extent that there was interference in elections, it was Russia helping Trump.
Secondly, America is the last country in the world that should talk about foreign election interference, given what America has done all across the world for so many decades overturning elections, and in particular what Trump has done to overturn elections, to just oust leaders altogether, to invade countries unprovoked. I mean, it’s the height of hypocrisy for him to say we’re concerned about foreign election meddling, given that the U.S., under Trump, is the one that’s doing all the foreign election meddling.
And then, to your last point, yes, there may be some dead people that are still on the voter rolls because they have not been removed. There may be some small number of noncitizens who are on the voter rolls accidentally. That does not mean they are voting in American elections. There is no evidence dead people are voting in elections. There is very, very little evidence that noncitizens are voting in American elections. I’ll just give you one example. Trump claimed in his speech 278,000 noncitizens were registered to vote. It turned out that number was actually 10,000 when they released the data. That number is likely wildly inflated because of false positives and inaccuracies in DHS databases.
So, we know American elections are secure, because the results are audited extensively at the state level. They’re reviewed at the federal level. The 2020 election was meant — was reviewed and found to be the most secure in American history. Trump keeps talking about the 2020 election, A, because he’s a petty narcissist who can’t get over his defeat, but, B, because he wants to create the predicate to interfere in the midterms. And I believe that’s what this speech was ultimately all about.
AMYGOODMAN: Let’s go to Trump threatening NBC and ABC for not fully airing the speech.
PRESIDENTDONALDTRUMP: In a rare move, NBC and ABC fake news have both said that they would not cover this speech — they knew what it was about — because of the fact that they don’t like the topic, because they know how corrupt our system is, and they don’t want to reveal it. They and others in the media are part of a plot. They want to continue this fraud for whatever reason. They want to keep it going. They want to protect the radical left. They can’t have a great country, and that’s true. You can’t have a great country without free and fair elections. Fraud like this should mean a revocation of their licenses. They use our public multibillion-dollar-in-value airwaves for absolutely no money. They pay nothing.
AMYGOODMAN: So, that was President Trump last night threatening the licenses once again, this time of NBC and ABC. The significance of this? And also, he keeps talking about the voter rolls being for sale and foreign countries taking them, though the documents he declassified do not reveal this. But the fact is, voting rolls are for sale. Is that right, Ari? People have access to them.
ARIBERMAN: Yeah, Amy, so, first, I’ll just talk about the media. I mean, it’s chilling that Trump threatened the broadcast licenses of networks that did not show this speech. However, it was heartening that so many networks chose not to show this speech. Trump has tried to intimidate the media in so many different ways, and it felt like, finally, some elements of the corporate-funded media have said, “We’ve had enough. We’ve had enough of Trump. We’ve had enough of Trump’s lies.” And obviously, that’s going to drive Trump crazy. But it was ultimately good for democracy that they didn’t show his speech.
In terms of the voter rolls, yes, you can purchase publicly available information. Candidates can purchase it. Other entities can purchase it. That is different than saying that foreign countries hacked into voter rolls or somehow manipulated election systems. That’s what Trump wanted you to believe. He wanted you to believe that China somehow accessed illegally election systems, somehow changed votes or did something else to manipulate the outcome. That’s not true, and that would be very, very difficult to do in our system.
There are some vulnerabilities that remain in American elections. Ironically, Trump has made those worse. He’s gutted the cybersecurity agencies. He’s disbanded task forces aimed at stopping foreign election interference. He has put cronies and political hacks in charge of things like the FBI and DHS and the DOJ. And so, if Trump was really serious about stopping foreign election interference, which he isn’t, he would not have gutted all the protections against that.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: And, Ari, briefly, if you could respond to — your reaction to the testimony of Todd Blanche before Congress over his confirmation as attorney general?
ARIBERMAN: Well, I would just say, in general, it was really shocking to me that Blanche described himself still as Trump’s lawyer, when he’s supposed to be head of the Department of Justice. I would also argue it was extremely concerning to hear Jay Clayton, when he was the nominee to be director of national intelligence, refusing to say that Joe Biden won the election. I mean, this is such a basic question that Biden won the 2020 election. The fact that you still have even the, quote-unquote, “reasonable” Trump people refusing to say that Biden won the election just shows how far down the rabbit hole we’ve gone and how much the election deniers have taken over every aspect of the federal government in Trump’s second term.
AMYGOODMAN: Ari Berman, thanks so much for being with us, national voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones, author of Minority Rule: The Right-Wing Attack on the Will of the People — and the Fight to Resist It.
Ari Berman is national voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones.
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Is Trump ramping up his crackdown on dissent? Why is he ignoring very real problems to focus on fake ones?
On this week’s episode of the Coffee Klatch, my colleague Michael the Hannes Calderon and I discuss Trump’s unhinged, conspiracy-laden speech about so-called “election integrity; ICE’s latest campaign of deadly terror; and the confirmation hearings of Trump’s stooges.
I hope you enjoy today’s episode — and please be sure to leave a comment on our YouTube channel letting us know how you’re doing. Thank you for watching. Inequality Media Civic Action with Robert Reich
Editor’s Note: A video by Bill Clinton about what is happening in Congress and the Supreme Court, what has constituted some actions to put Trump in his place but also what there is to be concerned about.
Supreme Court deals Trump a 48 hour defeat – strikes down birthright citizenship ban 6 3, upholds mail in ballot counting 5 4, and expands presidential firing power over independent agencies in Trump v. Slaughter.
Trump called the rulings “very detrimental” and “too bad for our Country”. The Court also struck down campaign finance limits, allowing unlimited party candidate spending. Meanwhile, Trump held a bipartisan housing bill hostage – canceling its signing ceremony to demand the SAVE Act voter ID law. Bill Clinton breaks down the constitutional earthquake: the system pushed back, but the long term damage to voting rights, independent agencies, and campaign finance will outlast any presidency.
Keywords: Supreme Court Trump rulings June 2026, birthright citizenship struck down, mail in ballots upheld, Trump v. Slaughter independent agencies, presidential firing power expanded, campaign finance limits struck down, SAVE Act housing bill hostage.
DISCLAIMER: THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT, FAN-MADE CHANNEL NOT AFFILIATED WITH BILL CLINTON, HIS CAMPAIGN, OR ANY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. THE VIDEOS ARE INSPIRED BY PUBLIC SPEECHES AND VERIFIED NEWS FOR EDUCATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL PURPOSES ONLY.
Editor’s Note: One thing at a time, but let’s say the Democrats take the House (which is likely in a fair election) and maybe even the Senate in the upcoming Midterm election. Then the very important work of the people will begin anew to undo the havoc that Trump has wreaked across our democracy (and in some cases the world.) Imperfect as it may be, the Preamble to the Constitution states:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”
The Preamble institutes a very tall order for “the people”, stated in ideals and generalities in one short paragraph. What it also implies is that it is a mandate and is to be a process “in order to form a more perfect union.”
We know our forefathers were not perfect. The Constitution heavily favors white men, a “ruling elite” as it were. Some continued to have slaves. Many were wealthy landowners who gave themselves the vote. Women were still second-class citizens.
One Gouverneur Morris, representing Pennsylvania at the Constitutional Convention, wrote the final draft of the Preamble. He was from a wealthy family in New York, highly educated entering college at 12, and a lawyer. He opposed slavery.
It was Morris who changed the phrase “We the people” from a narrower interpretation to mean “all the people” in the national sense in the Constitution’s final draft, which he penned.
Trump Adds to America’s Lethal Legacy of Treachery
Who can even remember it now? That giddy moment less than five months ago when President Donald Trump called on the Iranian people to rise up and take on the ruling regime. “When we are finished, take over your government. It will be yours to take. America is backing you with overwhelming strength,” Trump promised on February 28. “This is the moment for action. Do not let it pass.”
Photo: Getty
Like a million Trump pledges before it, it was part bluster, part bullshit. Last week, Trump admitted as much, stating he knew the Iranian opposition had no chance against the ruling regime. “Nobody is gonna take over. They have no guns, and the other side has machine guns,” he said at the NATO summit in Ankara, Turkey. “They can’t take over because they’re dead.” This was not, however, just a routine Trumpian lie; it was also part of a grand American tradition.
They say baseball is America’s national pastime, but you could make a solid case that it’s actually betrayal. Washington loves nothing more than to sell out its friends, betray its partners, leave its allies in a lurch, and call people into the streets and then abandon them to slaughter.
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In an interview with the Washington Post on the Iran war’s first day, Trump said that “freedom for the people” of Iran was the goal of the conflict. It never was. But what would be lost in luring Iranian activists into the streets — aside from Iranian lives?
This type of lethal double-cross has been America’s stock-in-trade since its infancy — and has continued across the globe no matter the conflict, era, or president.
During the American Revolution, most Native peoples viewed America’s colonial rebels with skepticism and attempted to remain neutral or sided with the British. But some placed a bet on the revolutionaries, assuming that they would be rewarded with fair, if not preferential, treatment in the event of a win by the colonies. They were, in the end, wrong to assume their allies would act honorably.
The Oneida, for example, split from most of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy — the Mohawk, the Onondaga, and others — who allied with the British. “There would have probably been a lot more death for the Continental Army,” according to Heather Bruegl, a public historian and citizen of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin who noted that the Oneida altered the tide of the war by breaking the famine at Valley Forge.
Even the Pentagon lauds the Oneida Nation, noting its “support for American independence saw the Continental Army through its lowest point in the Revolutionary War” but admitted that while Congress offered thanks, “that gratitude did not always translate into equitable treatment.” This is nothing but a mealy-mouthed reference to the fact that at the end of the Revolutionary War, the Oneida Homelands were estimated at between five to six million acres of land but were reduced to just 32 acres by the early 1900s.
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The Lenape people also threw in with the American rebels, signing a treaty that pledged their backing to the nascent United States in exchange for protection and the creation of a 14th state, governed by Native Americans. The agreement fell apart within weeks. As the official State Department history puts it:
First, the Lenape leader White Eyes died. While American officials insisted White Eyes died from smallpox as the cause, evidence indicated members of the [colonial] militia murdered him, and the circumstances remain unclear to this day. This act showed the Lenape that the Americans did not value nor honor the importance of kinship alliances.
Despite a failure by the Americans to protect Lenape lands, some Lenape warriors nonetheless assisted the Continental Army and a delegation went to the Continental Congress to attempt to repair the pact. But the Americans made no effort to salvage the agreement and said the Lenape had broken the treaty. Worse still, in 1782, Pennsylvania militia massacred a neutral, pacifist Christian Lenape community in Gnadenhutten, bludgeoning 96 unarmed people to death. Thirty-nine of those killed, many with a hammer to the back of the head as they prayed for mercy, were children.
Deception and Disloyalty
Still, it wasn’t until the 20th century that America hit its stride, selling out allies at an unbelievable clip. Approximately 250,000 Filipinos joined the U.S. military, for example, and fought for America during World War II. Washington promised them the same health and pension benefits as their American counterparts, a pledge that was even reaffirmed at the close of the war. But then Congress passed and President Harry Truman signed the Rescission Act of 1946 that said that the service of Filipinos “shall not be deemed to be or to have been service in the military or national forces of the United States or any component thereof or any law of the United States conferring rights, privileges or benefits.”
Also during World War II, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, a forerunner of the CIA, armed, trained, and supported a guerrilla force in French colonial Vietnam fighting the Japanese and their French quislings. In 1945, with the Japanese defeated, the top local OSS agent — the charismatic Ho Chi Minh — proclaimed Vietnam’s independence, using the words of the U.S. Declaration of Independence as his template. “All men are created equal,” he told a crowd of half a million Vietnamese in Hanoi. “The Creator has given us certain inviolable rights: the right to life, the right to be free, and the right to achieve happiness.”
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Ho thought his allies would back him. He was wrong. They instead turned on Ho and his comrades, funded the French reconquest of Vietnam, and spent the better part of the next three decades propping up an ever more corrupt and repressive rump state in South Vietnam while advising, arming, training, and funding an allied South Vietnamese military, and fought a long, destructive war against revolutionaries in the South and Ho’s North Vietnam that left millions dead, wounded, or displaced.
Eager to turn the conflict over to the Potemkin state they fostered and extricate the U.S., President Richard Nixon pledged to re-enter the war with the “full force” of American power, to induce the despotic South Vietnamese government to sign a 1973 peace agreement with the North. Two years later, the U.S. ignored this guarantee and abandoned South Vietnam and millions of allies, collaborators, and hangers-on.
No single moment sums up this betrayal better than an incident recounted by Stuart Herrington, a counterintelligence officer who spent 30 years in the Army. Herrington made a vow to hundreds of Vietnamese who crowded onto U.S. Embassy grounds in Saigon on the final day of the U.S. evacuation in 1975. “Nobody is going to be left behind,” he assured them. One of the 420 Vietnamese who was there remembered his words: “I promise me and my soldiers will be the last ones to leave the embassy.” Herrington promised them that a large helicopter was coming to rescue them and then excused himself to go “take a leak.” Scurrying off into the shadows, Harrington slipped into the embassy building and onto a helicopter, abandoning those to whom he’d just given his word.
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A U.S.-backed military regime in neighboring Cambodia also crumbled in 1975 and was abandoned to face the genocide of the Khmer Rouge. A proxy army in neighboring Laos was similarly discarded in the 1970s. Decades later, surviving troops and their families were still in hiding and on the run. “We want America to give us a place to live,” Va Chang, a then-60-year-old veteran found in the jungle in the mid-2000s told a reporter. “If the Americans don’t want to do that, they should drop a big bomb on us and end our misery.”
Prior to a 1956 uprising, the CIA air-dropped leaflets into Hungary with messages like “The regime is weaker than you think.” János Rainer, director of Hungary’s 1956 Institute Foundation, said, “Hungarians clearly got the impression that, in the event of a rebellion, the U.S. would support them effectively.” But the U.S. stood aside as the Soviet Union crushed the uprising, killing and wounding almost 20,000, imprisoning 13,000, and executing 229 others following trials, according to one count. The writer Tamás Aczél, who fled to the U.S. in 1956, wrote that Hungarians had been naive to put their faith in U.S. calls for “liberation” in Eastern Europe, writing: “[W]e learned what we didn’t know — that the West had written off these countries and only their propaganda machines pretended otherwise.”
In an even more egregious exercise, the CIA trained and armed Cuban exiles, landing them at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. The counterrevolutionaries were promised ample air cover — “the sky will be yours” — and led to believe they would be supported by 15,000 American troops. But the invasion of Cuba went south quickly, President John F. Kennedy canceled a second round of airstrikes, and the exiles ran out of ammunition, were pushed back into the sea, and were abandoned. Grayston Lynch, a CIA operative who participated in the landing, recounted that he called two American destroyers on the scene for help but was told by the captain of one: “My orders are not to become involved.”
While the U.S. has betrayed people the world over, one group stands preeminent in the sheer amount of American treachery. “Nothing in this world is certain except death, taxes, and America betraying the Kurds,” wrote Jon Schwarz for The Intercept in October 2019, recounting eight instances from the 1920s to that very moment when the U.S. used independence-seeking Kurdish peoples to further American aims and then cut them loose.
One of the most craven of these instances was a Nixon-era plot with then U.S.-allied Iran to use the Kurds to bleed the then-Soviet-aligned Iraqis.
Once the Kurds outlived their usefulness, however, U.S. aid was then cut and the Iraqi military killed thousands as the Kurds begged for help. As a congressional report later admitted, “Even in the context of covert action ours was a cynical enterprise.” But Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shrugged at the slaughter, explaining “covert action should not be confused with missionary work.”
As the U.S. bombed Iraq during the Gulf War in 1991, President George H.W. Bush called on “the Iraqi military and Iraqi people to take matters into their own hands, to force Saddam Hussein, the dictator, to step aside.” Both Shias in southern Iraq and Kurds in northern Iraq answered the call, expecting U.S. military support. It never came, Hussein stayed in power, and some 20,000 Kurds and up to 60,000 Shias who rose up were slaughtered by the Iraqi military.
More than a decade later, another failed U.S. war in the Middle East fostered the rise of the Islamic State group and the creation of a brutal caliphate across a wide swath of Iraq and Syria. Between 2014 and 2017, Kurdish-led forces dismantled this quasi-state for the U.S. But after 93 percent of Iraqi Kurds voted for independence in 2017, America was nowhere to be found. Within weeks, Iraqi federal troops and Iranian-backed Hashd al-Shaabi militias launched a coordinated offensive. The Kurds lost the city of Kirkuk, the Nineveh Plains, and roughly 40 percent of the territory their fighters had held. Washington offered no military response and no assistance — not even a diplomatic protest to the government in Baghdad. Then in 2019, President Donald Trump withdrew U.S. troops from northeastern Syria, opening the door for a Turkish invasion of the very land the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces had taken from ISIS at the cost of more than 20,000 lives.
Hundreds of thousands of locals also served alongside U.S. troops, diplomats, intelligence officers, and contractors during the failed Afghan War. Despite 20 years of Americans mouthing the phrase “shohna ba shohna” (“shoulder to shoulder” in Dari), it meant very little. In the chaotic 2021 U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, most Afghans who fought on the side of the U.S. and its coalition partners were left behind as the Taliban retook the country.
But even those who made it out have been abandoned. In April, the Trump administration floated plans to send Afghan allies stranded at Camp As Sayliyah in Qatar to the Democratic Republic of Congo. While that plan was reportedly shelved, rumblings of casting them to the winds elsewhere remain. And in May, the Department of Homeland Security formally ended Temporary Protected Status for roughly 10,000 Afghans who fled after the Taliban’s return to power.
“We made a promise to those who helped America in our time of need, and it’s wrong to turn our backs on them,” Rep. Jason Crow, D-Colo., a member of the House Armed Services Committee and a combat veteran who fought in Afghanistan, said last month, noting that they will likely face torture, persecution, and even death if they are returned to Afghanistan.
“This is the sort of thing that an empire in decline does. Rather than figuring out new strategies to growth, it redistributes wealth from its own people, to its driving oligarchic sectors.”
The irony to what you’re saying, of course, is that on the campaign trail, Donald Trump effectively sold himself as a non-interventionist, promising no new forever wars, declaring himself a peace president. Many pundits, podcasters, journalists, others backed up that claim, despite the fact that during his first term, he assassinated an Iranian general, escalated conflicts in Iraq and Syria, and loosened the military’s rules of engagement.
President Donald Trump blew up the temporary ceasefire after the U.S. launched a series of airstrikes against Iran over the weekend. The two nations have continued to exchange strikes throughout the week, with Iran targeting U.S. allies in the Middle East, as Congress debates further entangling the United States military with Israel — a proposal that would give Israel enormous leverage over U.S. defense policy.
“This is a formula for a forever war,” national security reporter Spencer Ackerman tells The Intercept Briefing. A major champion of such forever wars was Sen. Lindsey Graham, who passed away over the weekend. “Lindsey Graham never met a war he didn’t like, never met a war he didn’t want to send other people’s children to wage,” says Ackerman, who writes the Substack Forever Wars. “The white whale for Lindsey Graham and many others in the bridge between neoconservatism and MAGA was Iran — assaulting Iran not only at home, but rolling back its regional challenge to U.S. and Israeli power in the Middle East.”
“Whatever else MAGA says about wars,” says Ackerman, “what it wants is domination. It wants domination not only at home, but abroad. That’s where Graham recognized — that instead of being someone like John McCain, who sought to occasionally butt against, fight against Donald Trump — that Graham could help maneuver Trump into being a vehicle for their shared project. And he did that with really tremendous success.”
“You are seeing a more rent-seeking U.S. empire than ever before as a defining characteristic … of the Trump-era empire,” says Ackerman, on the administration’s thirst to turn countries in its orbit, like Venezuela, into “vassal that pay tribute.” “This is the sort of thing that an empire in decline does. Rather than figuring out new strategies to growth, it redistributes wealth from its own people to its driving oligarchic sectors.”
Politics reporter Akela Lacy also drops in to discuss how the turmoil at home and abroad is impacting the midterms. After Democratic Senate candidate Graham Platner dropped out of the race, Lacy says, “Maine Democrats are in a situation where they’re all trying to become the nominee that the party picks to replace Platner on the ballot to go against Collins in November. Many of those candidates have now come out and called to abolish ICE outright after the shooting in Maine.”
For more, listen to the full conversation of The Intercept Briefing on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you listen.
Transcript
Akela Lacy: Welcome to The Intercept Briefing, I’m Akela Lacy, senior politics reporter at The Intercept.
Jessica Washington: And I’m Jessica Washington, politics reporter at The Intercept.
AL: Jessie, we were anticipating having a slow July, but the news has not slowed down. Trump reignited the U.S. war with Iran, resuming airstrikes on the country, and said we’re taking over the Strait of Hormuz.
Meanwhile, Congress is trying to pass the National Defense Authorization Act after several weeks of gridlock, asking for a record $1.15 trillion in funding. On Tuesday, Senate Democrats blocked the bill in protest of the Iran war and over a provision that would more closely integrate the U.S. and Israeli military. On Wednesday, more than half of House Democrats voted to strip $3.3 billion in aid to Israel from the measure, though the effort failed in the broader House.
And within the last week, there have been four ICE-related deaths. Federal immigration agents shot and killed two fathers: Lorenzo Salgado Araujo in Texas and Johan Sebastián [Durán] Guerrero in Maine. That brings the total number of people fatally shot by immigration agents in Trump’s second term to 11. On Tuesday, a third man was struck by a truck fleeing agents in Florida. And a Venezuelan man died in custody in Georgia after being denied medicine, reported by our former colleague Jose Olivares at The Guardian.
At least 52 people have died in ICE custody during Trump’s second term. It’s the highest level in a decade according to a new report from Physicians for Human Rights [and Human Rights Watch].
Jessie, this week you covered how lawmakers are responding, or not, to Trump’s deadly immigration agenda. What did you find out?
JW: When I was looking into it, I was wondering where is this momentum that we saw in January and February around immigration, around at least saying, ICE is wrong, the actions that ICE is taking are immoral, are against the code of our nation. Those were the kinds of things you were hearing in January and February.
That was in response, obviously, to the killings of Renee Good and Alex Pretti in Minnesota that elicited a huge response — not just from Congress, but also you saw a massive response in the streets, people coming out in droves to support their community to say this isn’t right, to say that you can’t just rob us of vital members of our community.
We’re really not seeing that same intensity either in policies that were put out, even policies that were going to go nowhere. Obviously, Democrats caved on DHS spending in April. We just really haven’t seen the same moment that we did in January and February.
I had a long conversation with Congresswoman Delia Ramirez, who introduced the “Melt ICE” Act in January. That bill would end the Department of Homeland Security’s funding to detain and monitor immigrants. She’s characterized it as a first step, but really when she’s had conversations with her colleagues in the wake of these two really horrific shootings, she’s found that there just isn’t that same intensity, there isn’t that same momentum for action.
There’s two things happening from her perspective, from what she told me. One of them is racism and the fact that the people who were killed most recently were not U.S. citizens. Alex Pretti and Renee Good were, and they were also white, and that obviously changes the tenor, at least for the media and the public.
Then there’s the fact that without the large national outpouring, without voters really pushing politicians, they aren’t motivated because their donor class is not motivated. They benefit from a broken immigration system where people are forced to take these low-wage jobs. So in an absence of kind of a massive public outcry of people pushing their politicians, you just aren’t going to see that action, and that’s really coming from my conversation with her.
But I think you can see that in the way that Democratic politicians have not risen in this moment — and I would argue they didn’t rise in January and February — but certainly we saw more energy.
The other big news of the week was as the world closely watched for updates on Sen. Mitch McConnell’s health, Sen. Lindsey Graham died from a heart condition. This of course happened in the backdrop of the looming midterms where Republicans currently hold a slim majority in the senate.
Maine Sen. Susan Collins who is running in a chaotic Senate race, is facing protests for voting to give DHS $70 billion for immigration enforcement after ICE agents fatally shot Guerrero in Maine. Akela, there is so much to unpack here. Can you talk about the political implications unfolding here and what you’re watching for in the midterms?
AL: This is really shaping what was already a tumultuous situation in the Maine Senate race, where obviously, Graham Platner dropped out last week over an allegation of rape. Now Maine Democrats are in a situation where they’re all trying to become the nominee that the party picks to replace Platner on the ballot to go against Collins in November.
Many of those candidates have now come out and called to abolish ICE outright after the shooting in Maine. That was something that Platner had campaigned on, obviously, prior to the shooting. Our colleague Noah Hurowitz is actually working on a story about this that you can read at The Intercept.
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Would-Be Platner Replacements in Maine Rally Around “Abolish ICE” (or Something Close)
We see candidates adopting this sense of urgency around ICE that is shaping the campaigns of insurgent candidates and frustration among voters right now. Jessie, you’re talking about feeling like the momentum on the ground against ICE is not being matched in Congress, something that’s animating the midterms and emphasizing this sort of split-screen where people don’t feel like Democratic leadership or longtime incumbents are meeting the moment. We’re seeing that shape now not just this race in Maine, but we’ve seen that be a rallying call for many of the candidates who have won their races already this primary cycle.
One thing that I thought was interesting about how this is unfolding in Maine is that one of the candidates, Dr. Nirav Shah, who I spoke to actually before Platner dropped out of the race — he had stopped short of calling to abolish ICE outright. He said it can’t exist in its current form, whether we reform it or dismantle it or transfer its duties to another body, it has to go.
But earlier this week, he came out and said “Abolish ICE” outright, after the shooting. So we are seeing this have a real effect on how candidates are running their races. Even people who might have thought saying “Abolish ICE” a week ago — wasn’t the right strategy.
JW: That’s one thing in my conversation with Congresswoman Ramirez that came up, is that people are not feeling as if Congress is meeting this moment or meeting them where they’re at.
They’re saying, we’re in the streets. We’re risking our lives, our freedom, in some cases. Obviously, we’ve seen the prosecutions that came out of Prairieland, those protests. So people are saying, “We’re risking our lives, we’re risking our freedom, and you’re going to lunches and meetings on the Hill like everything is normal.”
I do think that’s going to be a motivating force in these midterms, and we’ll see if candidates meet that moment. Or if they end up on the side of most of Congress, which seems to be doing not much of anything on this really horrific issue.
AL: You mentioned that there’s been protests against Collins in Maine after the ICE shooting, pointing to the fact that she voted for ICE funding without any conditions. I’m interested to see if the most recent killings and deaths related to ICE have any effect on what appeared — even in the week where the last Platner scandal broke — she was still leading him in polling. I’m curious to see if this will affect that in the coming months.
JW: That’s definitely something to look out for. The way that it’s worked has been very regionally specific. I think we’ve seen Minnesota really come together and come out on this issue. Now we’re seeing it in Maine, and perhaps in Texas as well.
There’s obviously so much to get into. The Iran war, the proposed U.S.–Israel partnership, Lindsey Graham’s death and his foreign policy legacy. We’re going to talk about all of this with national security reporter Spencer Ackerman, who’s reported on the war on terror since 2002.
His most recent piece reflects on Graham’s legacy of warmongering and preserving Guantánamo Bay, or as Ackerman describes it, “an extrajudicial cage that is still swallowing people.”
Ackerman has reported from Iraq, Afghanistan, Guantánamo Bay, and many U.S. bases. He’s won a Pulitzer Prize and National Magazine Award, and currently writes for Zeteo and Forever Wars, where you can sign up for his newsletter.
[Break]
JW: Spencer Ackerman, welcome back to The Intercept Briefing.
Spencer Ackerman: Thank you for having me back, Jessica.
JW: There’s a lot that we have to discuss with you, but first, we’re going to start with the broken temporary ceasefire deal between the United States and Iran. The United States launched a wave of airstrikes over the weekend against Iran; the two countries have exchanged strikes throughout the week.
On Monday, President Donald Trump announced the U.S. military would reinstate its blockade of the Strait of Hormuz and implement a 20 percent cargo charge. The latter, he has since scrapped.
Spencer, what is known at this point about why we’re at war again with Iran, and why the U.S.–Iran memorandum of understanding to bring a permanent end to the war failed?
SA: The simple answer is the fifth paragraph in the memorandum of understanding, which despite what I think fairly counts as a clear concession by the United States that Iran henceforth will be able to control and hence impose some manner of cost on shipping transiting the Strait of Hormuz, the United States rejects that interpretation and rejects that outcome.
Most importantly, that paragraph in the memorandum of understanding indicates just how deeply Iran has triumphed in this conflict that the United States and Israel brought to it. Before February 28, there were no costs, no fees on transits across one of the world’s most economically important waterways. That was the result of Iranian decision-making up to this point, a lot of which we don’t have a great deal of fidelity on, but basically represented a step that Iranians, even under the decades-long enmity with the United States and Israel, never felt that it had reason to impose.
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It is a really historical shift. It is a pivot away from what has been an absolutely central aspect of not just U.S., but Western economic hegemony going back centuries. Which is to say what we in the West like to call free trade, freedom of navigation — that is a major thing for the United States to lose, and the Trump administration knows that. The shipping industry knows that.
The Trump administration, when it reached the memorandum of understanding, appears to have operated in such a way that it would agree, as negotiated by Trump’s envoys — his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, and his buddy Steve Witkoff — to do whatever necessary once the markets reacted with such shock to this war to get Iran to stop firing and to make it appear for those markets like there was going to be a resolution of the conflict.
The memorandum of understanding represents the pathway to that resolution, and so the Trump administration had been hailing it as a way back to normalcy and a way out of dire economic straits. So the U.S. needed that memorandum of understanding for the shooting to stop, but it would not accept the state that it had agreed to under the memorandum of understanding, which basically saw Iran agree to waive fees during the 60-day period authorized under the memorandum of understanding to achieve a lasting peace deal, some form of resolution over the nuclear file, and also explicitly authorized Iran and its neighbor Oman — which also has significant territorial waters in that strait — to come up with essentially a lasting mechanism to provide for continued access in transit, a new way of doing business for global shipping.
Once the United States started seeing Iran basically keep control over those shipping routes, it started attacking Iran. Iran replied not just by harassing shipping, but also by resuming its missiles and drone strikes at U.S. facilities in Gulf countries that host them — and that basically broke down the ceasefire.
I think the question going forward now is what new or expanded capacity the United States has not only to open the strait but keep it open. I think that we saw during the month of shooting that preceded the ceasefire that led to the memorandum of understanding, that the United States lacks that.
“Once the United States started seeing Iran basically keep control over those shipping routes, it started attacking Iran.”
JW: It’s hard to imagine under these circumstances an end to the war in a real sense. And even Trump, when asked by CNN reporter Kaitlan Collins if bombing Iran was the new normal, said, “We were in Vietnam for 19 years.”
Kaitlan Collins: Mr. President, you noted the United States is bombing Iran again. You’ve been bombing Iran for months now. Is this just the new normal for the American people?
Donald Trump: No. We were in Vietnam for 19 years. We’re here for four months. I think we’ve done a lot. We’ve knocked out their navy in a period of one month.
JW: At this point, where do you see this heading? Trump hasn’t ruled out sending ground troops to Iran, but he also hasn’t done it yet. Do you think there’s a possibility or are there signals that there could be an off-ramp? Or is this a forever war that’s about to happen?
SA: It’s absolutely a forever war. I think that the future looks a lot like the present here, where you have essentially an unresolved situation where the United States does not accept Iranian control over the strait, regardless of the fact that it conceded as much in the memorandum of understanding.
The Iranians will not relinquish this concession over the strait now that it achieved it in this memorandum of understanding, however much a dead letter it might formally be. That deadlock is going to persist. There’s also the dire math of the U.S. missile interceptor magazine, which is to say that a whole lot of very expensive missile interceptors that the United States possesses will have to, over now an extended period, be placed in the Middle East, in the Gulf countries that host the U.S. presence up against far, far, far cheaper Iranian missiles and drones.
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You heard the president say that the Iranian navy has been knocked out. Well, if the Iranian navy can swarm around, as we’ve seen them able to do even during the so-called ceasefire, shipping in the Gulf, then that kind of raises a question of how, even with whatever higher-end capacities the U.S. military has knocked out, whether that represents an actual defeat of the Iranian navy or whether Iranian naval capabilities remain sufficient to keep this kind of harassment going.
When we hear the president compare this war to Vietnam, that’s a five-alarm fire. Yes, the Vietnam War lasted a very, very long time. That’s what now we’re looking at even in month four of this war, I guess more like month five at this point. This was a war that both Marco Rubio and Pete Hegseth said was over.
Marco Rubio: Operation Epic Fury is concluded. We achieved the objectives of that operation.
Pete Hegseth: Operation Epic Fury was a historic and overwhelming victory on the battlefield.
SA: And clearly it’s not over. We are in just a shape change of this. There will be periods, I would imagine, of continued diplomacy. But until the United States is able to either, A, deliver some sort of finishing blow against the Iranians that they find intolerable, which I don’t really see much indication of them doing, or the Iranians decide through whatever coercive measures that they will give up control of the strait — this situation will persist.
All of the drivers of this conflict, and we haven’t even gotten to Israel here, which would prefer to both destroy the regime and collapse the Iranian state. This is a formula for a forever war. This is a formula for — if not necessarily every single day seeing exchanges of U.S., Iranian, and even potentially Israeli fire — a situation where, like the questioner said, this is a new normal. This is what the Middle East risks looking like. The coercive ability of the United States to break this logjam, the diplomatic will necessary, has simply not been in evidence.
JW: So Congress obviously has a role here. We’re speaking on Wednesday, July 15, and things may have changed by the time people are hearing this.
But as of Wednesday, the National Defense Authorization Act, which authorizes Pentagon spending, is stalling in the Senate. Democrats are refusing to take up the NDAA, arguing that it’s a “permission slip” for the Trump administration as they wage war on Iran.” Others balked at the fact that the proposal would increase authorized defense spending by $80 billion. And the NDAA includes the United States–Israel Defense Technology Cooperation Initiative, which would facilitate between the two countries technology sharing from weapons development to artificial intelligence.
Here is Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Fox trying to sell it.
Benjamin Netanyahu: I’m calling it from aid to partnership. So we take away the money that is given to Israel, which is one part. But the other part is we invest, co-invest in equal measures in the new technologies that are needed to give our military and your military the advantage. So we want — there are some unbelievable projects.
JW: Spencer, what’s at stake in this National Defense Authorization Act fight?
SA: The U.S. has co-production deals for military hardware and technological development with a number of countries that’s part of the AUKUS partnership with the U.K. and Australia that the Biden administration spearheaded. It also has co-production deals with Israel for things like the Iron Dome missile defense system.
“There’s just nothing like this that exists outside of this proposal.”
It is nevertheless completely unlike any other bi- or multilateral defense technological production agreement, ever. This will enmesh the U.S. and Israeli defense technological, both research and manufacturing capabilities like never before, like nothing that the United States has.
It puts Israeli firms that are nominally competing, in some cases with American firms across various aspects of the defense technological enterprises, into licensing agreements that give them intellectual property stakes over their American competitors and their nominal competitors. Perhaps most importantly, it puts Israeli firms, academic institutions, and so forth, into the supply chains of the U.S. military’s technological enterprise and production capabilities.
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Congress Is Trying to Permanently Integrate U.S. and Israeli Defense Tech
That gives Israel enormous leverage over U.S. defense policy, U.S. defense decision-making. And as well, unlike any other co-production deal that the U.S. military has with any of its partners, it creates an executive agent within the Pentagon who is empowered to override existing bureaucratic processes, procurement issues, and decision-making to basically be, essentially, an Israeli commissar in the Pentagon advocating for greater and greater production and technological integration.
There’s just nothing like this that exists outside of this proposal. There isn’t, as best I can tell, much of a precedent for it. And think of the implications of that. By the time this is out,I’ll have a piece on my newsletter, Forever Wars, about this. You’re already seeing real questions during the Iran war and Iran’s ability to hit U.S. infrastructure hosted in the Gulf about the viability of keeping the network of about 18 or so U.S. bases that span the Gulf from Kuwait to Bahrain.
You could see that bivouacking for reasons of both defensibility and certainly ease of integration into Israel. You’re already seeing a U.S. general placed in charge of the force that’s supposed to be essentially occupying Gaza under Trump’s imperial Board of Peace proposal.
The amount of missile strikes from Iran and drone strikes that Israel had to absorb during this war of aggression that it and the United States launched — if those Israeli firms, academic institutions, and so on are part of the U.S. military supply chain, and they’re vulnerable to Iranian missiles, then the United States has a direct interest in protecting those firms, installations, and so forth.
“This is an epochal, I would argue, tectonic shift in the U.S.–Israeli military relationship.”
So now U.S. defense of Israel will be a matter of U.S. defense necessity. So this is an epochal, I would argue, tectonic shift in the U.S.–Israeli military relationship. It needs to be said that right now Israel is committing a genocide in Gaza, it’s committing an ethnic cleansing in the West Bank, and it’s undergoing a process of territorial conquest in Lebanon and Syria.
This is what the United States would be far deeper yoked to than ever before, and all of this is occurring precisely as you heard the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu say, to make U.S.–Israeli economic integration, particularly over defense, seamless, invisible, and far less susceptible to the rising political challenge that’s happening in the United States as the result of Israel’s genocide.
JW: The irony to what you’re saying, of course, is that on the campaign trail, Donald Trump effectively sold himself as a non-interventionist, promising no new forever wars, declaring himself a peace president. Many pundits, podcasters, journalists, others backed up that claim, despite the fact that during his first term, he assassinated an Iranian general, escalated conflicts in Iraq and Syria, and loosened the military’s rules of engagement.
One of his biggest cheerleaders on this foreign policy front was the now late Sen. Lindsey Graham, who passed away suddenly on Saturday as a result of a tear in his heart, while the world was actually awaiting news of his longtime friend Sen. Mitch McConnell’s health. Recently, you wrote, “It’s darkly poetic that Senator Lindsey Graham left this world the same weekend that the Iran ceasefire collapsed. Graham had wanted this war for a very long time. While it would be nice to think that its rapid emergence as a fiasco would have redounded to Graham’s political detriment, absolutely nothing in his political biography as one of Capitol Hill’s premier warmongers suggests that would have happened.” Talk about Graham’s foreign policy legacy.
SA:Lindsey Graham never met a war he didn’t like, never met a war he didn’t want to send other people’s children to wage. He treated war as a game, and a game that the United States and Israel, and also Ukraine — he was a very big proponent of Ukraine’s defense against the Russian invasion — that really animated Graham as much as criminalizing abortion and limiting the bodily autonomy of pregnant people animated his domestic vision.
The litany is great. An advocate of all aspects of the war on terror, from the Afghanistan War, to especially the Iraq War, to the global drone campaigns, to keeping Guantanamo Bay open, establishing, he didn’t succeed in this, but attempting to establish a globally applicable system of U.S. wartime detention that was non-judicial, that would basically be a major, major entrenchment and expansion of what we see at Guantanamo Bay.
The Libya war, attacking Bashar al-Assad in Syria, on and on it goes. But especially the white whale for Lindsey Graham and many others in the bridge between neoconservatism and MAGA was Iran — assaulting Iran not only at home, but rolling back its regional challenge to U.S. and Israeli power in the Middle East.
As you saw from the true media saturation ahead of the February 28 kickoff for the war, there was Lindsey Graham constantly advocating for it, talking with Trump, liaising behind the scenes between the White House and Benjamin Netanyahu, serving as one of the greatest advocates for launching this new forever war, and also attempting to conceal what an epochal both commitment of military power and, naturally following this would be.
“There was never any political consequence that he experienced.”
I wrote that to indicate that the main reason why Graham was able to operate this way is that there was never any political consequence that he experienced despite various changes in national mood, especially like elite political mood toward the war on terror, Graham never felt that personally. He never felt that as a real genuine challenge to his political career.
Then when there’s no consequences, there’s no accountability for that, there’s no reason for Graham to have changed, and he never did. In fairness, by all indications, he did this not just because of the campaign contributions, not just because of rise in popularity for such bellicose policies, but for the love of the game. This man was by all measures a committed militarist, someone who believed deeply in the American imperial project and was always a committed advocate of it, even when he saw that it inhibited the political careers even of his allies, John McCain, Joe Lieberman being important examples of that.
JW: Graham seems to have viewed Trump as a vehicle for his warmongering ambitions. What do you think Graham understood about Trump that the people who thought he would be a peacetime president missed?
SA: First, I think anyone who wrote that Trump would be a peacetime president or an anti-war president committed a great disservice to the public discourse.
You can read my book, “Reign of Terror,” about why this would never, ever be actually the case. It is not an accident that Trump escalated the wars that he inherited and launched new and epochal ones, especially, Venezuela we didn’t even mention, which the U.S. now has imperial control over.
“Graham understood that Donald Trump is a malleable, impressionable figure, that he is protean.”
Graham understood that Donald Trump is a malleable, impressionable figure, that he is protean, that there are certain things that Trump responds to as someone who formed his political self-understanding primarily in the Reagan era and before, and that’s a healthy receptivity, to put it mildly, to U.S. militarism, that whatever else MAGA says about wars, what it wants is domination. It wants domination not only at home, but abroad.
That’s where Graham recognized that instead of being someone like John McCain, who sought to occasionally butt against, fight against Donald Trump, that Graham could help maneuver Trump into being a vehicle for their shared project. And he did that with really tremendous success.
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It occasionally cost Graham dignity, but Graham, throughout his career, has never been someone who placed a great deal of shall we say, emphasis on having political dignity as long as it meant having political success. So he saw that as an easy trade-off if it meant maneuvering Trump into a kind of position that Graham, had he been president, had he been secretary of state, had he been secretary of defense, would’ve wanted to pursue.
JW: One thing that I’ve been thinking about is, does someone else come in to fill his place as a champion for endless war in the Senate? Or, at this point, does there not even need to be a congressional champion for war to continue at this point?
SA: It’s a good question. Lindsey Graham’s probably a singular figure in Republican politics at the moment. But that’s not to say that someone similar, though not identical, could fill the same void — as material conditions, it’s fair to say, probably produced Graham, and so they’ll produce, as long as they persist, another figure like Graham to take political advantage.
I think probably the figure in Republican politics, certainly in the Senate, that best fits a Graham-type profile is Tom Cotton, the Republican senator from Arkansas. Like Graham, also a lawyer. Like Graham, an Iraq veteran, although Graham was in the reserves in the Air Force, Cotton was in the Army.
Similarly bellicose, and bellicose in many of the same ways on the same footings. Both were fierce advocates of U.S. support for Ukraine after the Russian invasion. Similarly, never met aspects of the war on terror they disliked, and seek the aggression against Iran, fervent support for Israel. Characterologically similar in the sense that you could often see aggrieved-lawyer come out in them. So I would say probably Tom Cotton.
JW: On a holistic sense, we are now well into Trump’s second term. The U.S. is at war with Iran. The administration has conducted an undeclared war in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, killing scores of civilians by deploying drone strikes on boats they allege are carrying drugs. Marco Rubio is effectively running Venezuela from afar after the U.S. kidnapped the country’s president and his wife.
How would you characterize the Trump administration’s foreign policy at this point?
SA: Purely imperial. The dream of the Teddy Roosevelt administration is alive within the Trump one. I’ll never be able to forget the interview that Stephen Miller gave to Jake Tapper right after the Maduro kidnapping.
This is worth watching. Reading the transcript doesn’t really do it justice because you’ve really gotta see the way Miller performs in this interview. But it’s this expression of what the French used to call hyperpuissance: invincibility applied to an imperial level. A sense that the United States was capable militarily of imposing its will — militarily, economically — over the entire world in a way that the war on terror represented a drain of resources and capabilities from this was despite those material realities persisting, represented a declaration that Trump was going to make the American empire both more ambitious and recrafted in his image.
It is very explicitly rent-seeking. It seeks to make the countries in its orbit, whether traditional allies or new conquests like Venezuela, truly into vassals. Vassals that pay tribute. Tribute that provides the United States, which looks to be in pretty substantial economic decline, with new sources of revenue that stave off what will probably be politically unacceptable shocks economically to the system.
“It seeks to make the countries in its orbit, whether traditional allies or new conquests like Venezuela, truly into vassals. Vassals that pay tribute.”
Every empire throughout history has sought to bring in resources from the periphery into the metropole. That’s absolutely what’s happening here. That Miller interview with Jake Tapper from January was the same one where Miller sounds like he’s cutting a wrestling promo threatening Denmark over Greenland — which now during the NATO summit, Trump brings back up. You are seeing a more rent-seeking U.S. empire than ever before as a characteristic, a defining characteristic, I would say, of the Trump-era empire.
I will leave it to listeners, viewers, historians to figure out where we are historically on the long trajectory of American decline. But this is the sort of thing that an empire in decline does. Rather than figuring out new strategies to growth, it redistributes wealth from its own people to its driving oligarchic sectors.
We haven’t even talked about Somalia, which is now essentially been subject to 200 drone strikes in the course of just 18 months, which makes a completely invisible war that the United States has conducted for 20 years in an East African nation.
So this is a very erratic moment in American imperial history, but it absolutely has to be understood as a moment of American imperial assertion.
“This is the sort of thing that an empire in decline does. Rather than figuring out new strategies to growth, it redistributes wealth from its own people, to its driving oligarchic sectors.”
JW: Yeah. No, I’m getting thoughts of the Romans when they stopped making their own food and just expanded their empire out too fast. It’s giving a lot of those history flashbacks.
SA: Those Egyptian grain imports, right?
JW: Yeah. [Laughs] And we have so much that we could get into, but we’re going to have to leave it there for time. Spencer, thank you so much for joining us again on The Intercept Briefing.
SA: Once again, I mentioned Eastern Roman history and killed a podcast. Thank you very much, Jessica. [Laughter]
JW: For more from Spencer Ackerman, visit Forever Wars, where you can subscribe to his newsletter. We’ll add a link in the show notes.
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Until next time, I’m Jessica Washington.
IT’S EVEN WORSE THAN WE THOUGHT.
What we’re seeing right now from Donald Trump is a full-on authoritarian takeover of the U.S. government.
This is not hyperbole.
Court orders are being ignored. MAGA loyalists have been put in charge of the military and federal law enforcement agencies. The Department of Government Efficiency has stripped Congress of its power of the purse. News outlets that challenge Trump have been banished or put under investigation.
Yet far too many are still covering Trump’s assault on democracy like politics as usual, with flattering headlines describing Trump as “unconventional,” “testing the boundaries,” and “aggressively flexing power.”
The Intercept has long covered authoritarian governments, billionaire oligarchs, and backsliding democracies around the world. We understand the challenge we face in Trump and the vital importance of press freedom in defending democracy.
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By Susu Jeffrey / Original to Wings of Change / July 5, 2026
On June 17, the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board voted to revoke the very popular Minnehaha Off-Leash Dog Park, effective at the end of 2026. It was inevitable. The Park Board meeting was standing room only and as emotional as grand opera.
More than 30, mostly dog-lovers, signed up to speak and were allotted one minute each. A lot of passion was packed into those single minutes, punctuated with applause, sign waving, cheers, tears, curses and audience do-se-do-ing. We heard that dogs are not illegal, dogs are a part of the family, my dog is my best friend and I met my husband at the dog park. The dog park is a way of life.
Overexploitation of Resources
Minnehaha Off-Leash Dog Park access begins at the top of the Mississippi River gorge and descends a quarter mile to the muddy riverbank. It is dog heaven—no leash, water, playmates. For people it is the end of the day, social time, exercise, therapy.
As soon as the National Park Service opened Coldwater Park in 2012 human resistance to dog traffic began. Dog walkers switched from paid parking at the south end of Minnehaha Park to free parking at Coldwater, just a half mile down the access road parallel to Highway 55. Dogs leapt from cars into the grass, pooped, and raced down to the Mississippi.
The word went out to the dog-walk community. Phooey to the law that states “all dogs must be on a leash no longer than six feet.” How can you leash a dog that’s already halfway to the river much less pick up after it? The National Park folks tried furnishing trash cans and then plastic baggies to no avail. It was disgusting. It was a dog waste field just a seven-minute walk to the outflow of 10,000-year-old sacred Coldwater Springs.
Back when what is now Mni Owe Sni (water-spring-cold) Park was still a Cold War federal research campus the No Trespass government land was protected by a 6-foot chain link fence topped with little steel barbed twist ties. After 1955 there was one (1) emergency that allowed the public inside the locked gates. “In 1976 after months of draught,” wrote Carolyn Lyschik (10/21/2006) then of Minneapolis, “the city water developed an alga that was putrid and undrinkable by my husband who was very ill at the time. I made trips every other day to Coldwater Spring and stood in line to get the best tasting fresh water. We were so thankful for this vital resource. If it is still not polluted it should be a National Treasure!”
The Cold War ended with the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Empire and the Twin Cities U.S. Bureau of Mines research center (a Senator Hubert Humphrey project) shuttered. Coldwater’s privacy fencing was removed. In 1992 the Minnehaha Off-Leash Dog Park opened. Gradually the public explored the open land between Minnehaha Regional Park and federal Coldwater and Fort Snelling land. In 2010 Coldwater Park (a project of Congressman Martin Sabo) opened under the same name it had been known as from the 1880s to 1950.
From the Mississippi to the top of the river gorge public parkland stretched from Minnehaha Falls past Coldwater Springs to Fort Snelling. Since the first Minneapolis dog park in 2001 their popularity mushroomed. However the dog park at Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park in Minneapolis was closed for cultural insensitivity. Dogs were sicced on Indian people too. In recent news Israeli prisoners have reported dogs trained to rape prisoners. Dog reputations range from life-threatening to warm and fuzzy.
Opening Coldwater Park relieved pressure on Minnehaha dog park access overuse but city park and national park people wanted to educate people about the geologic and human history of the place. Imagine National Park Service dog poop strategy meetings.
At first it was reduced free parking from a dozen spots to four cars with legal handicapped signs hanging from a rearview mirror. Then pay-parking meters lined the access road from Minnehaha Regional Park to the Coldwater entrance where park police patrolled for enforcement via fines. Signage was posted at the Coldwater Spring House outflow warning that the spring water’s safety was questionable. Some dogs jumped into the reservoir but it is about five feet deep and offers little leverage for climbing out. No, the dog park on the Mississippi bank was the draw for dogs and their people.
Coldwater: literally the Birthplace of the State of Minnesota where the soldiers who built Fort Snelling camped 1820-23 and then a civilian community grew to service the fort; source for the army post’s potable water supply for nearly a century; Mississippi bluff-top land saved from becoming an airport off-site parking lot by a 17-month (1998-99) youth-led encampment that even 802 police could not dislodge. Coldwater then devolved into a squat-stop on the way to the Mississippi River dog park.
Meanwhile Standing Rock resistance to the Dakota Access Pipeline (2016-17) eruptedon the border of North and South Dakota with the next generation of American Indian leadership. They did not win but they were speaking up and being heard.
In 2023 Minnesota’s four legally recognized Dakota tribal governments filed paperwork with the National Park Service to recognize Coldwater as “Traditional Cultural Property.” In other words, sacred to the Dakota oyate (nation).
The “Pike” Treaty of 1805
The Minneapolis Park Board “had no authority to decide who could use” the land currently called the Minnehaha Off-Leash Dog Park is because that land never legally belonged to the United States of America.
The 1805 Treaty With the Sioux (aka “the Pike Treaty”) was never proclaimed by the U.S. President, a necessary step in making treaties official. Therefore that treaty is not valid now and never was. This issue is not like common law marriage; this is federal treaty law.
Sometimes Indigenous people call treaties “TP” as in toilet paper. Psychologists might call American Indian treaties wishful thinking from the perspective of white men writing laws on paper. Clearly Natives were encouraged to believe guarantees as real and enforceable. The dominant culture gave Indian treaties the longevity of writing in sand. Native practice made understandings concrete through ceremony. Legally this land is still Dakota territory where Dakota customs make verbal agreements binding.
The 1805 Treaty With the Sioux was never proclaimed by the U.S. President, a necessary step in making treaties official. That treaty is not valid now and never was.
The Language of the “Treaty With the Sioux’
“The Sioux Nation grants unto the United States for the purpose of the establishment of military posts…from below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peters [Minnesota], up the Mississippi, to include the falls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river…the full sovereignty and power…forever… which when ratified and approved of by the proper authority, shall be binding.”
But it was never approved by the proper authority. Furthermore 21-year-old Lt. Zebulon Pike did not have the authority to treat with the Sioux nation.
In Article 3 of the treaty “The United States promise on their part to permit the Sioux to pass, repass, hunt or make other uses of the said districts, as they have formerly done….”
Indian treaties have been disregarded and overwritten by each wave of manifest destiny. In Minnesota after the six-week Dakota Uprising in 1862, the mass hanging of 38 Dakota men in Mankato the day after Christmas, the expulsion of all Dakota and Ho Chunk people from the state, and the state’s offer of $200 cash for each Indian scalp delivered into the 1900s—well, the Indian problem quieted.
The American Indian Movement was founded in 1968 in Minneapolis. Civil rights attorney, the late Larry Leventhal, activated the new generation of warriors by simply giving them a copy of the 1805 Treaty With the Sioux.
The Minneapolis Park Board did the right thing by closing the off-leash dog park. They made the closing “legal.” The courts will increasingly be challenged to wrestle with original American treaty law as clean water becomes more scarce. We’ll see how long the “Pike” Treaty survives in an evolving courts system. Mni Owe Sni, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, encompasses the spring itself and the surrounding landscape down to the riverbank.
In October 2005 two Dakota Natives and one non-native were ticketed at Coldwater Spring by federal authorities for “failure to obey a legal order.” “It was not a legal order,” said attorney Larry Leventhal because the Pike Treaty of 1805 was never reified.
Defendants in the 1805 Treaty trial (l. to r.) Chris Mato Nunpa (Two Bears), an elder from Upper Sioux Reservation along the Minnesota River in Granite Falls, a Dakota first language speaker; Susu Jeffrey, FriendsofColdwater.org, and Jim Redsky Anderson, historian for the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community.
Had the case gone to trial the federals could lose nine miles of land on either side of the Mississippi from the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi (the b’dota) upstream to the falls called St. Anthony. That would mean losing Minneapolis, a chance the U.S. government did not want to take.
This legality is the seed of the Dakota Land Back argument. Leventhal said the October 2005 “failure to obey a legal order” case was the third time the question of the legality of the 1805 “Pike” treaty reached federal court, only to have charges dismissed rather than to possibly lose Minneapolis, economic engine of Minnesota, to the Dakota oyate (nation).
The Worldwide Water Crisis Comes Home
In 1880 the Coldwater reservoir could furnish 921,600 gallons of water pumped out daily. (Historical Study, Former U.S. Bureau of Mines, Twin Cities Research Center, final report by Barbara J. Henning, 10/2002, p. 22.) The next flow rate measure was reported in the early 1990s with the Highway 55 reroute dispute as 130,00 gallons per day (gpd). In the intervening century-plus ten years “development” occurred with the loss of 791,000 gpd. More recently the 2024 Minnesota National River and Recreation Area flow rate for Coldwater Spring for the year 2024 was 69,552 gpd.
Unfortunately, the Great Medicine Spring in Minneapolis’ Theodore Wirth Park was dewatered for Interstate-394 in the 1980s. Native people were known to come from “hundreds of miles” to collect the healing properties of that medicine, now forever gone. The only other major water source in Hennepin County is Frederick Miller Spring in Eden Prairie, which was recently saved from another upscale housing development.
But for the people of Minneapolis only the much-reduced Mni Owe Sni, Coldwater, still flows. The ultimate irony of closing the dogs’ favorite dog park is that saving Coldwater Spring was the initiative of dog walkers throughout the 1990s. Hundreds and hundreds of signatures were collected by Park and River Alliance but no government office would accept the pile of citizen paperwork. The Alliance filed a lawsuit against the Highway 55 “reroute” through Minnehaha Park land and trees. The suit was dismissed on a technicality.
“…Dogs are likely more sensitive than humans” to E.coli and blue green algae. Apparently, the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes is not clean enough for dogs.
While Park Board Commissioners voted out the Minnehaha Off-Leash Dog Park members repeatedly assured dog lovers that a new park featuring water would be on their to-do list. The problem is that the frequent toxicity of Minneapolis Lakes closes beaches with E.coli concentrations and blue-green algae blooms that sicken children and can quickly kill dogs.
In a park commissioners’ move to mollify dog lovers, a new water park for dogs, probably at one of the lakes, would be located and opened. However Michael Sorenson, Water Resources Lead for the Minneapolis Park Board, says “it’s safest to keep dogs out of lakes. Dogs are likely more sensitive than humans” to E.coli and blue green algae. Apparently, the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes is not clean enough for dogs. He suggests giving dogs tap water to drink right before allowing them in a lake.
In a park commissioners’ move to mollify dog lovers a new water park for dogs, probably at one of the lakes, would be located and opened. However Michael Sorenson, Water Resources Lead for the Minneapolis Park Board, says “it’s safest to keep dogs out of lakes. Dogs are likely more sensitive than humans” to E.coli and blue green algae. Apparently, the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes is not clean enough for dogs. He suggests giving dogs tap water to drink right before allowing them in a lake.
Coldwater Nation at the pond and Spring House, 12/17/1999 Photo: Dick Bancroft
Coldwater is a survivor of the Highway 55 “reroute” dispute that resulted in the 17-month “Minnehaha Free State” encampment. Stop the Reroute/Save the Park featured the largest police action in Minnesota at the time with 802 officers arresting 38 land defenders at a cost of $15,000 per arrest during a blizzard on Christmas week 1998.
The combination of earth protectors with federally recognized Indian leaders proved expensive for the city of Minneapolis, Hennepin County, the state of Minnesota, especially the Department of Transportation, but Coldwater
became a popularity bonanza against government overreach. Two books and a movie documented the struggle and energized the Environment-Indian entente.
The late Eddie Benton-Benai, a fullblood Anishinaabe from northern Wisconsin and Grand Chief of the Mdewiwin Lodge (Medicine Society), said the following in court-ordered testimony on 3/19/99. (Transcribed by Susu Jeffrey from an audio-visual tape of the testimony filmed by Michael Scott, documentarian, Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community.}
“We know that the falls which came to be known as Minnehaha Falls, was a sacred place, was a neutral place, a place for many nations to come. Between the falls and that point [where the rivers meet] there were sacred grounds that were mutually held to be a sacred place. And that all nations used to draw the sacred water for the ceremony.”
Benai continued, “My grandfather who lived to be 108, died in 1942 [born 1834]. Many times he retold how we traveled, how he and his family, he as a small boy traveled by foot, by horse, by canoe to this great place to where there would be these great religious, spiritual events. And that they always camped between the falls and the sacred water place.”
Benai identified the Anishinabe (Ojibwe) along with the Dakota Nation, the Sauk and Fox (Mesquakie), and the Pottawattamie as mutually using the land and agreeing “that it is forever a neutral place and forever a sacred place.”
Susu Jeffrey is a poet and writer living in Minneapolis.
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A donation of $25 or whatever you can donate will bring you articles and opinions from independent websites, writers, and journalists as well as a blog with the opinions and creative contributions by myself and others.
We still have much work to continue to do as many activists and organizations address current threats to our democracy and unjust actions against people of color and are making plans for the upcoming years. Wings of Change is a part of that work through education, information, and inspiration.
Sue Ann Martinson, Editor
“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions
to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people,
can transform the world.” — Howard Zinn
The Iran war bill comes due, the World Cup gets a phone call, and voters start asking what the strongman act actually costs.
Editor’s Note: Excerpts from a longer article. View Mary Geddry’s full post here as a .pdf.
Fresh off hijacking the nation’s 250th birthday celebration for his own personal aggrandizement, Trump has now managed to taint the World Cup before Team USA even takes the field against Belgium. The flags go up, the bunting comes out, the cameras roll, and then somewhere behind the curtain the phone calls begin.
This is Trump’s America, sadly, where every shared space eventually becomes a private transaction. A national birthday becomes a campaign stage, a soccer match becomes a favor call, and a rulebook becomes a suggestion. A beloved global tournament becomes one more venue for the old familiar sequence: grievance, access, pressure, reversal, victory lap.
Having dragged the World Cup into the White House favors office, Trump is off to meet with NATO leaders. What could possibly go wrong, other than the alliance, the postwar order, Ukraine policy, European defense planning, and the remaining shreds of America’s reputation?
Wings of Change is entirely reader supported.
Wings invites you to subscribe. To subscribe: Join us on Wings of Change
In this critical time hearing voices of truth is all the more important although censorship and attacks on truth-tellers are common. Support WingsofChange.me as we bring you important articles and journalism beyond the mainstream corporate media on the Wings of Change website and Rise Up Times on social media.Donate now to sustain Wings of Change.
Access is always free, but if you would like to help:
A donation of $25 or whatever you can donate will bring you articles and opinions from independent websites, writers, and journalists as well as a blog with the opinions and creative contributions by myself and others.
We still have much work to continue to do as many activists and organizations address current threats to our democracy and unjust actions against people of color and are making plans for the upcoming years. Wings of Change is a part of that work through education, information, and inspiration.
Sue Ann Martinson, Editor
“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions
to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people,
can transform the world.” — Howard Zinn
“Somewhere to Begin” is a folk song written by singer-songwriter T.R. Ritchie and recorded by Northern Minnesota folk musician Sara Thomsen. It serves as the title trac for Thomsen’s 2014 solo album.
June 6, 2026, Editor’s Note: Today is the Women Against Military Madness (WAMM) 19th annual Walk Against Weapons. Two years ago I was honored to speak at the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) Congress about WATER in conjunction with Kelly Lundeen of Nukewatch/Save the Mississippi Coalition with a focus on nuclear power plants and water and Lee Vue of the Boundary Waters (BWCA), which is currently in a struggle to save the area from copper mining.
This information is somewhat dated of course, and a lot has happened in the two years since: The struggle for the Boundary Waters has heightened as federal legislation has revoked a long-standing law re a copper mine with its deadly tailings that needs to be reversed.
The Military still has PFAS in its water (some known to cause birth defects) and the Monticello nuclear reactor still has forms of PFAS in the water although Xcel Energy claims they have removed it. Meanwhile a new pollutant called tritium has poisoned water at the Monticello plant and is not removable. This source of water for the Twin Cities is for millions of people. A coalition of groups has been formed around this pollution called Nuclear Free Mississippi that calls for the shut down of the Monticello plant as well as the Prairie Island plant in Redwing, MN.
AI and the data centers pose a new threat with the overuse of water for cooling and are being opposed across the country.
U.S. wars continue with the latest being the war against Iran that has caused gas prices to rise and global chaos.
Last but certainly not least Minnesota, especially Minneapolis and the Twin Cites area including St. Paul, has resisted a Surge of up to 3000 ICE agents arresting immigrants with a coming together and incredible community collaboration and continued organizing while in deep mourning but carrying on solid resistance after the deaths of Renee Good and Alex Pretti.
Wings of Change is entirely reader supported.
Wings invites you to subscribe. To subscribe: Join us on Wings of Change
In this critical time hearing voices of truth is all the more important although censorship and attacks on truth-tellers are common. Support WingsofChange.me as we bring you important articles and journalism beyond the mainstream corporate media on the Wings of Change website and Rise Up Times on social media.Donate now to sustain Wings of Change.
Access is always free, but if you would like to help:
A donation of $25 or whatever you can donate will bring you articles and opinions from independent websites, writers, and journalists as well as a blog with the opinions and creative contributions by myself and others.
Sue Ann Martinson, Editor
“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions
to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people,
can transform the world.” — Howard Zinn
How the War on Terror Created the Age of Trump, with Matt Kennard The Chris Hedges Report
WOC Editor’s note: In some ways this post is difficult to follow because it is so thorough and reveals the many connections to neo-fascism among different aspects of U.S. government, including both Republicans and Democrats. It focuses of course on the Trump Regime while at the same time brings in the culpability of Democrats as well. If we are able to vote in the Democrats in the midterm elections to take control of both the House of Representatives and Senate we will still have our work cut out for us at the national and international levels with the Democrats. Biden did create that some good legislation regarding energy and healthcare, etc., that was passed by Congress before he was deposed, so to speak. The Trump Regime has destroyed most if not all of that good legislation, and it needs to be restored.
Under Biden the worst crime of the Democrats is the funding and weapons support of Netanyahu’s Zionism and of genocide in Gaza/Palestine. This support persists under the Trump Regime and the Republicans of course, but must continue to be challenged along with ending the war on Iran fiasco that has created global issues and problems. Many corporations, including the war industry and the fossil fuel industry particularly, as well as AI groups supporting the Iran war. are benefiting monetarily. The AI corporation Palantir is making millions with Maven, an AI software being used for direct targeting of both military and nonmilitary targets in Iran. Israel is also using AI for targets in Lebanon, Syria, etc., in what is the larger war in the whole of the Middle East that is being waged by US/Israel together.
Another area Kennard covers is the psychological effects of war. He mentions PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) as going back as far as Vietnam in its effects on veterans and bringing it forward to veterans of recent wars. Remembering that Kennard is British, not American, he does not mention directly the concept of “Moral Injury” as used by U.S. Veterans but he does discuss the psychological effects as directly linked to the fascist resurgence and also the coverup of those connections that some veterans have recognized and attempted to expose. At the same time U.S. veterans of especially the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are struggling with ‘moral injury’ and have protested in Washington D.C. and other places, refusing to remain silent.
How the US Military Recruited Neo-Nazis, Gang Members, and Criminals
EXPANDED AND REVISED EDITION WITH A NEW PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR
Foreword by
ABBY MARTIN
Afterword by CIA whistleblower JOHN KIRIAKOU
An explosive investigation into how America’s longest wars created a threat from within by flooding the US military with extremists now fueling MAGA, domestic terror, and the global far right.
“One of our finest investigative journalists illuminates the terrifying machinery of our ascendant authoritarian state. Essential.”
—Chris Hedges
“A necessary corrective to patriotic bromides about the troops, and a bracing exposé of the declining quality of personnel serving in America’s all-volunteer army in an era of endless war.”
—Seth Harp
“A powerful wake-up call. Time is running out.”
—Lawrence B. Wilkerson, former chief of staff to US Secretary of State Colin Powell
“Exposes the growth of extremist elements within the world’s most lethal killing machine . . . a warning cry.”
—Jeremy Scahill
“Couldn’t be more urgent.”
—Huffington Post
“Chilling . . . Kennard’s nonpartisan portrait of martial waywardness is foreboding.”
—Publishers Weekly
“Kennard demonstrates a serious weakness in America’s ability to recruit a long- or even medium-term occupying force.”
—The American Conservative
“A devastating critique of the recruitment policies of our major ally.”
—The Independent
“Exposes both the roots of defective military recruitment and its deadly aftershocks . . . An urgent warning.”
—Daryl Johnson, former senior domestic terrorism analyst, US Department of Homeland Security
“Chilling in its prescience.”
—Spencer Ackerman
“Required reading . . . a compelling explanation for the clear and present danger facing America.”
—Thomas Drake, whistleblower and former executive, US National Security Agency
Wings of Change is entirely reader supported.
Wings invites you to subscribe. To subscribe: Join us on Wings of Change
In this critical time hearing voices of truth is all the more important although censorship and attacks on truth-tellers are common. Support WingsofChange.me as we bring you important articles and journalism beyond the mainstream corporate media on the Wings of Change website and Rise Up Times on social media.Donate now to sustain Wings of Change.
Access is always free, but if you would like to help:
A donation of $25 or whatever you can donate will bring you articles and opinions from independent websites, writers, and journalists as well as a blog with the opinions and creative contributions by myself and others.
We still have much work to continue to do as many activists and organizations address current threats to our democracy and unjust actions against people of color and are making plans for the upcoming years. Wings of Change is a part of that work through education, information, and inspiration. Here in Minnesota we are particularly targeted by the Trump regime with ICE immigrant law enforcement illegally arresting and deporting our neighbors who are mostly people of color. In spite of promises to withdraw ICE, the arrests continue. Other cities have been targeted as well, and they will try to target more to fill the detention centers they are building all over the country.
Sue Ann Martinson, Editor
“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions
to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people,
can transform the world.” — Howard Zinn
Interviews by Amy Goodman on Earth Day include information about and why resistance is necessary by Indigenous people in the Southwest, Black people in Memphis, and state legislative action in Maine.
Note: Click title to view videos. Transcripts follow after the three video interviews.
This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMYGOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org. I’m Amy Goodman.
On this Earth Day, we go now…to Montana, where we’re joined by Krystal Two Bulls, a longtime Oglala Lakota and Northern Cheyenne activist. She’s the executive director of the group Honor the Earth, which has launched the No Data Center Coalition. Honor the Earth has been closely monitoring the construction of data centers in or near Indigenous lands. She’s joining us from the Northern Cheyenne Reservation in southeastern Montana.
Krystal Two Bulls, welcome to Democracy Now! Can you give us an overview? You’ve made a crowdsource map of data centers and their relation to Indigenous lands across the United States. Talk about how you see this issue of data centers.
KRYSTALTWOBULLS: Yeah. Good morning, Amy. Thank you for having me.
I think, you know, similar to what we just heard, we’re seeing the targeting of Native lands. But for us, when we talk about hyperscale data centers, we typically talk about the entire AI infrastructure, because that’s the driving demand for the hyperscale data centers themselves. And so we’re looking at the physical impacts of the data centers. We’re also looking at the critical minerals in the mining that’s going to be needed to power and create things like GPUs and servers and the chips, even the air conditioners for these hyperscale data centers, which often, and especially with this push for that mining to happen domestically now, we’re going to be looking at that mining happening on Indigenous lands.
We’re also looking at the uranium just now being added to the list of critical minerals. And so, that’s also going to be happening to power nuclear for fuel. And so, we have to also look at these hyperscale data centers that are creating — using massive amounts of electricity, and where is that energy going to come from. Now they’re shifting towards nuclear. They’re looking at revitalizing coal, the coal industry, and expanding fracked gas, until they can get nuclear online. And so, we try to connect all of those dots across the board, knowing that all of those industries right there are going to target Indigenous lands, as they have in the past and as we’ve already experienced.
The other thing that we’re seeing is that they’re targeting Indigenous lands because we have large — many of our large land-based tribes, we have access to that. We have access to water. There’s tax incentives that come along with it. We have a lack of legal infrastructure oftentimes to hold these accountable, these companies accountable. Also, the promised economic development that these corporations come with, when you are dealing with communities that often live in extreme poverty, the promise of these jobs is something that appeals to them, right? And then we also have the jurisdictional issues that happen on Indigenous land. So, all of those create an environment that is very conducive to these hyperscale data centers being built on Native lands.
AMYGOODMAN: Talk about the issue of secrecy surrounding the locations and owners of these data center projects, why your map, this crowdsource map, is actually — has been so hard to compile.
KRYSTALTWOBULLS: Yeah. So, oftentimes these corporations, the hyperscale corporations, such as Microsoft, Google, Apple, Meta and Amazon, they’re oftentimes using their subsidiaries and then using also Native-owned energy companies to approach our communities. But they’re also coming with NDAs in hand. So, what we’re hearing from different Native nations is that corporations will come, they’ll start by talking about solar panels and installing that on their lands, and then it quickly shifts to a hyperscale data center. But often, before they even get to that conversation, they’re asking them to sign an NDA. And so that makes our tribal leadership accountable to them and not to the people who actually — they’re actually supposed to represent.
And so, oftentimes we don’t know that these projects are coming to our lands until we hear in a press release or on the news or we hear rumors of what’s happening. And so, we’ve had to actually use our networks as organizers and activists to really build those relationships and to figure out where they’re proposing these hyperscale data centers. So, right now we’re looking at about 103 to 160 proposed hyperscale data centers on Native lands.
AMYGOODMAN: Krystal Two Bulls, the Tulsa City Council just passed a nine-month moratorium on data centers. The Seminole Nation unanimously passed its own moratorium. Can you talk about how, out of all the states in the country, an anti-data center movement is gaining momentum in Oklahoma? Why Oklahoma?
KRYSTALTWOBULLS: I mean, right now we have a really strong team from Honor the Earth that’s located in Oklahoma, and they’ve been on the ground in these communities, hosting town halls, having meetings, reaching out to the tribes, attending tribal council meetings, door knocking, petitions, just everything across the board. But Oklahoma is oftentimes considered a sacrifice zone. And so, for us at Honor the Earth, we really made it an intention to invest in those communities, and especially because we have activists and organizers on the ground there.
And so, what we’re seeing now is that they’ve been able to build multiracial coalitions with folks in agriculture, ranchers, land owners, etc., and they’ve built these coalitions, and they are working with local communities and local municipalities and local tribes to push back and put in some kind of buffer in protections for our communities. We also have — you know, the Muskogee were able to block a resolution that would have moved forward a hyperscale data center, and so, you know, it’s really a testament to the powerful organizing that’s been happening there and people pushing back.
The other thing is, like, if we can get these victories in Oklahoma, which is basically the crossroads of every extractive industry in the United States, then every other state needs to follow suit, and there’s not an excuse for us to be able to push back in our own communities.
AMYGOODMAN: Krystal Two Bulls, you’ve called data centers “continued colonialism … in the name of imperialism.” Can you explain what you’re saying? You were also very active in the standoff at Standing Rock, where Indigenous people from Latin America, the United States, Canada and their non-Native allies, thousands, gathered to fight the Dakota Access Pipeline. What connections do you see between these?
KRYSTALTWOBULLS: Yeah, I think Indian Country is always a target for extractive industry. And what history has taught us is that anytime outside industry comes into Indian Country and has all these big, you know, promises of jobs and economic development and language revitalization and all of these things, that it tends to not work out for us. We are never the ones that actually truly benefit from that, and we’re always the one that ends up having to sacrifice our relationship to land, air, water, our communities and our nonhuman relatives, as well.
And so, what we can see from that and learn from that is, like, that is a continuation of settler colonialism in the land grabs that we had seen back in the 1800s. Now we’re just seeing a modern-day iteration of that, where these corporations are coming in, because we have large land bases, grabbing up the land, building — saying that they’re going to build with the tribes, offer these things, go back on their promises, and then, yet again, we are left with the damages and the results and the negative impacts of that. And so, I think history tells us that this is just another — this is the same thing with a new face, a new name. And so, for us, it was really important that we called it what it is, which is, you know, data colonialism — right? — and really push back on the physical and the material impacts on our lands.
AMYGOODMAN: A recent Bloomberg analysis found electricity costs go up nearly 267% near data centers. Yet a lot of these data centers target poorer tribal nations. If you can talk about the environmental costs, the amount of energy that’s required, and also the economic costs?
KRYSTALTWOBULLS: Yeah, I mean, we’re looking at, from what we know — like, a lot of times these data centers come with NDAs, so it’s really difficult to know exactly how much water usage that they’re going to have or how much impact they’re going to have on the grid. But what we do know from existing hyperscale data centers that have already been built is that we’re looking at anywhere between 300,000 to like up to 2.7 million — I’ve heard even 5 million — gallons per year of water that’s being used. Right? And, like, these corporations, they come in, and they present this closed-loop water system that they’re going to be using, and they tell our nations that there will be zero impact to the water. They also tell us that, in fact, they’re going to use water positivity, and they’re actually going to increase the usage in the quality of the water so we can actually use it more, which both have been dispelled since then, but it’s a very strong narrative. So, we know that there’s going to be negative impacts on the water based on existing hyperscale data centers.
We also know about the noise pollution that comes with these, right? Many times they have diesel generators, but also the noise alone from a hyperscale data center is around 97 decibels. For those of us that know what an LRAD is, a long-range acoustic device, it’s a sound cannon that can rupture your eardrums. That’s at about 140 decibels, right? So, 97 to 140 is not a big jump. And so, you’re looking at hearing loss for long-term exposure to the sound that’s coming from them.
Also, a recent study came out and said that hyperscale data centers can increase the heat and create heat islands up to 16 degrees on the land around them. So, if you think about the impacts on ecosystems and the temperature increase of the water that’s going to happen, we’re looking at ecological collapse around these hyperscale data centers in our communities.
And then, that’s not to mention the rare cancers that have been tied to hyperscale data centers, as we heard before, is the respiratory issues that come from breathing in all the toxins that they emit, as well, and then the electricity itself. They need massive amounts of electricity to be powered. And what we’re seeing is that they’re putting a massive strain on the grid. And so, for Native communities, oftentimes our homes and our communities do not have an updated electricity grid, right? The country, in general, does not have one, and tribes more so. So what we’re looking at is rolling power outages that are going to be coming, also the threat of fires. When you don’t have up-to-code electricity in your — or, electricians in your home updating the wiring and whatnot, you’re looking at the risk of fires if you’re going to flood that much electricity into the grid, right?
And what we’re seeing already is that these hyper — these data centers, these corporations, are already working with groups like our public service commission, our county commissioners, and they’re approving upfront costs, where the rate payers and taxpayers pay for these hyperscale data centers up front, before they’re even built. So we’ve already been seeing increases, almost double, in our electricity bills here in Montana. One winter, I think last winter, we’ve seen a young woman with a trailer house have an electricity bill of $900, as a single person in a trailer house in Montana. And we did not have an extreme winter that winter. And so, we’re already feeling the impacts of the electricity in the costs.
You’re also looking at the jobs. So, they come with promises about jobs and economic development, which, in the construction phase, yes, there may be up to 1,500 jobs that are available. Oftentimes those jobs will not go to local community members. They will go to construction companies who already specialize in building hyperscale data centers. And then, once construction phase is over, which can last up to two years, those jobs drop all the way down, sometimes to three full-time jobs. And so, we know that for sure in Rapid City, South Dakota. They’ve made that public, where they go from 1,500 to three full-time jobs. And so they actually are not following through on any of the promises that they’re making to our communities.
AMYGOODMAN: Krystal Two Bulls, I want to thank you for being with us in this Earth Day special. Krystal is Oglala Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and executive director of Honor the Earth, speaking to us from the Northern Cheyenne Reservation in Montana.
Coming up on this Earth Day, we go to the Arctic Sunrise, a Greenpeace ship sailing with the Global Sumud Flotilla, which is en route to Gaza. Stay with us.
[break]
AMYGOODMAN: “Greed” by Sweet Honey in the Rock decades ago in our firehouse studio.
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This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMYGOODMAN: This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I’m Amy Goodman.
On this Earth Day, we’re continuing our look at community resistance to the construction of AI data centers. We go now from the state of Maine, which just passed a statewide moratorium on the construction of new data centers, to the city of Memphis, Tennessee. Last week, the NAACP sued Elon Musk’s xAI, accusing the artificial intelligence company of polluting Black neighborhoods with toxic emissions from its makeshift power plant fueling its data centers in Memphis. The lawsuit alleges xAI is violating the Clean Air Act by operating over two dozen methane gas-burning turbines without legal permits. The massive xAI data centers are known as Colossus and Colossus II.
We go now to Memphis, where we’re joined by KeShaun Pearson, executive director of Memphis Community Against Pollution.
KeShaun, thanks so much for joining us again. We talked to you almost exactly a year ago. Can you talk about what is Colossus and Colossus II? Talk about the power these data centers require and what kind of regulation there is.
KESHAUNPEARSON: Thank you, Amy, for having me back. It’s good to be back.
And we are, unfortunately, in an even worse position than we were a year ago. At this point, we now have two facilities, Colossus I and Colossus II, that are being powered by illegal and unlawful methane gas turbines. These turbines generate enough power to power over half a million homes. This is unprecedented, the amount of pollution that we’re being exposed to, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, chemicals that we know cause cancer. And so, in this moment, we have to do something similar to what Maine is doing, and we are demanding a moratorium of some sort come to fruition. But here in Memphis, we are, unfortunately, a cautionary tale about what will and possibly can happen if you don’t have the right rules and guardrails in place.
AMYGOODMAN: Last year, Elon Musk explained why he decided to build Colossus in Memphis.
ELONMUSK: Well, we needed a building. We can’t build a building, so we must use an existing building. So we looked for — basically, for factories that had been — that had been abandoned, but the factory was in good shape, like a company had gone bankrupt or something. So, we found an Electrolux factory in Memphis. That’s why it’s in Memphis, home of Elvis and also one of the oldest — I think it was the capital of ancient Egypt.
AMYGOODMAN: So, that’s Elon Musk. KeShaun Pearson, you’re the director of Memphis Community Against Pollution. That’s MCAP. It’s the NAACP that’s suing xAI, accusing the company of polluting Black neighborhoods. The facility, next to historically Black neighborhoods, runs on two dozen methane gas-powered turbine generators, which you have said emit significant amounts of nitrogen oxide and other toxic chemicals. Talk about what Elon Musk has said and why you think that this is particularly hurting Black communities.
KESHAUNPEARSON: What Elon Musk said is basically smoke and mirrors, because what we know is that southwest Memphis continues to be targeted. Memphis Community Against Pollution has stood up against multiple corporations and billion-dollar organizations who have sought to see our community as the path of least resistance, where they could push forward these environmentally unjust and these environmentally racist projects. These projects specifically focus on a neighborhood, on a community and on a region where you see an increased poverty level and you also see an increased amount of Black families. Just like all over the South, you see a concentration of AI data centers in communities that are largely Black or marginalized. This is nothing new.
This is Elon Musk presenting an option for Memphis which we know is untrue. Elon Musk was invited to Memphis. Unfortunately, our city mayor joined with Ted Townsend of our Greater Memphis Chamber, and these folks wooed the terrible decision that we continue to see operate like a cancer in our region.
xAI has not promoted or really led to the jobs that they said they would. They have not been in communication with the community in any significant way. But what they have done is continue to pollute our air, to do it unlawfully and illegally, and not include even our government officials.
We are in a place now where we are literally worse off than we have ever been. xAI continues to pollute at a level even higher than our Memphis International Airport. This has been terrible for our region, and it’s terrible for our future, because our community is going to continue to suffer. Our children have the highest rate of ER visits for respiratory illnesses and issues in the state of Tennessee. And it’s only going to continue to get worse.
AMYGOODMAN: Elon Musk claims he chose the former Electrolux building in Memphis because he wanted to expedite his AI applications using an abandoned building instead of a new one. What was Electrolux previously? And how did Musk’s company, xAI, go about purchasing the building?
KESHAUNPEARSON: Yeah, so, Electrolux was a company who came into Memphis doing something very similar to what we’re seeing xAI do. They offer hyperbolic promises and ended up a colossus failure. And Electrolux was a company, machine company, and they got breaks from our Shelby County Health Department, from our Shelby County government and our city of Memphis government. They actually received the building at a discount and got payments in lieu of taxes or a pilot program to help them finance it. And then they left. They got the money, and then they left, leaving this facility open. And xAI purchased the facility and started their environmentally unjust project. And so we are seeing this cyclical activity. And it’s in the same area. We cannot bifurcate the fact that southwest Memphis has continued to be the site and target of a lot of these extractive corporations in an extractive ecosystem.
One last thing I do want to add is that in 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King came, and he marched with sanitation workers in the city of Memphis. That was fighting for environmental justice, and that is the fight that we are continuing. It is no mistake that environmentally unjust projects continue to put pressure on the city of Memphis and continue to extrapolate what we know is our right to health, healthy environment and clean air. And so, with this project, we will continue to fight back, and we will continue to work alongside the NAACP, the Southern Environmental Law Center and Earthjustice, as well as our partners in coalition in South Haven, the Safe and Sound Coalition. Our families are suffering. Our region is suffering. We can’t continue to fall for smoke and mirrors. We have to do something that protects us, and we have to do it now.
AMYGOODMAN: KeShaun Pearson, I want to thank you for being with us, the executive director of Memphis Community Against Pollution.
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This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
AMYGOODMAN: Today is Earth Day. Events are being held around the world centered on the theme “Our Power, Our Planet,” with a focus on renewable energy. The first Earth Day was held 56 years ago, on April 22nd, 1970. That date is often considered the start of the modern environmental movement.
Well, today, we begin by looking at a pressing environmental issue facing communities across the United States: the vast expansion of AI data centers being built to fuel artificial intelligence. Critics warn the AI data centers are a threat to local land, energy and water resources. According to the group Food & Water Watch, a single large data center can consume as much energy as 2 million U.S. households.
Last month, Vermont’s independent Senator Bernie Sanders and Democratic Congressmember Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez introduced legislation to impose a national moratorium on new AI data center construction. The bill would halt all new construction until Congress passes federal laws to protect workers and consumers and ensure the technologies don’t harm the environment. This is Congressmember Ocasio-Cortez.
REP. ALEXANDRIAOCASIO–CORTEZ: More than 100 local communities across 12 states have already enacted local moratoriums on data centers, and Congress itself has a moral obligation to stand with them and stop Big Tech from ruining their communities. Our legislation in the House and the Senate would hit the brakes on construction of new data centers until we address several of the key areas of harm AI poses.
AMYGOODMAN: In the state of Maine, lawmakers recently approved the nation’s first statewide moratorium on large data centers, but the governor of Maine, Democrat Janet Mills, has yet to say if she’ll sign the legislation. This comes as Mills is in a tough primary race for a U.S. Senate seat against fellow Democrat, Graham Platner.
We go now to Freeport, Maine, where we’re joined by Melanie Sachs, a Democratic Maine state representative who sponsored the statewide moratorium on new data centers.
Welcome to Democracy Now! It’s great to have you with us. Can you explain what this legislation does and the significance of the Maine Legislature being the first in the country to pass a statewide moratorium? We’ll see what happens with whether the governor signs the legislation, but if she doesn’t, and doesn’t veto it, it still will go into effect.
REP. MELANIESACHS: Correct. And good morning. Thank you so much for having me, Amy.
I put forward the bill because this same governor, our wonderful governor, Janet Mills, actually put together an AI Task Force, full of her own state agency members, as well as business members and a bipartisan set of legislators. In that report, which came out in fall of 2025, it said two things, that Maine residents are concerned about the impacts of data centers on both their electric rates and other utility rates, as well as on our wonderful environment we have here in Maine. When you think of Maine, you think of our wonderful natural resources. So, the second recommendation, not only that called out the fears of Maine residents, but also that we needed a playbook. The recommendation was we need to meet the moment and put together regulations that perhaps look at the opportunities, but certainly the impacts that these have.
And so, that’s why I brought this bill, which is going to put together a collaborative council, full of, again, state agencies, rate payer protectors, environment, tribes, municipalities, all together to say what is the regulatory framework that Maine needs to meet the moment — to meet the moment, and at the same time to putting a temporary, limited, targeted pause on the development of these data centers so that we can make sure that regulatory framework is correct.
AMYGOODMAN: Can you talk about — well, it is a Democrat-controlled Legislature, the governor is a Democrat, she’s running for Senate — whether you’ve gotten any signal about whether she will sign the bill? And what is the deadline here?
REP. MELANIESACHS: So, she has until April 25th to either sign the legislation, veto it or let it go into law without her signature. I know she’s carefully considering it. We just finished our session here in Maine, so she had several hundred bills go to her desk. I know that this is a bill that she has said she is generally in favor of.
However, there is one project that has surfaced, as several have during the course of this legislation, that we had been told, of course, no data centers are coming to Maine. Both the AI Task Force and my committee — I chair the Energy Committee here in Maine — we’ve been told that, really, there were no data centers here in Maine, but, lo and behold, when I put the bill in, several of them surfaced, which was so interesting, that had been working in secret. One such project actually is closer to fruition than others, and that is the one that she’s concerned about.
AMYGOODMAN: So, let’s talk about the data center project in Jay, which saw the closure of several paper mills over the last years. Governor Mills and others argue the data centers boost jobs. What is your response? And though we’re talking to you in Freeport, you grew up in Jay. Your father actually worked in one of those paper mills.
REP. MELANIESACHS: Right. I grew up in New Sharon, Maine, which is a community very close to Jay, and, yes, my dad did work at that very same mill that is slated for development with the data center. So I know the area. I know what economic development means.
One of the reasons I put in this bill, however, is because we have the evidence from all across the country of the harm that these data center projects can potentially do, limited economic opportunity with very few local jobs done. This developer has promised anywhere — it’s gone from 100 to 125 to 150 permanent jobs. Also, they’ve talked about, well, it’s going to be a lesser footprint than that of the former mill. But we actually don’t know that, because the Sentinel Data company, which is sort of a turn-and-burn colocation — they bring somebody in. We don’t know what that design looks like. And we also don’t have the permitting, the emissions, the regulatory framework around the electric load that might need to accommodate a particular project.
The last thing I will say is, it is more — these projects are more than just the locality where they are located. These projects impact the grid, electricity rates, utility rates, water usage for the entire community and sometimes statewide. So we really need to look at something like this. It’s been — it’s been offered as almost a baby data center, soothingly saying, “Look, this won’t have the same impact.” However, the projected load that we’ve been able to get out of the developer actually can be 10% of Maine’s entire load for this one data center. So we really do need to make sure that we meet the moment.
AMYGOODMAN: State Representative Sachs, how has the AI industry responded to your bill? Why are we seeing also this rapid expansion of data centers in states like yours, in Maine?
REP. MELANIESACHS: Right. I would say that Maine, while we do have a little bit higher electricity rates than maybe other communities, we’re one of the lower in New England. We have an amazing workforce, and we have abundant natural resources with a cool climate. I understand why they might think that we are ripe for opportunity.
My concern is that this project, along like many of the other projects that surfaced during the bill, were done in complete secrecy, without community engagement. AI hasn’t actually come to talk to me, but the problem is they’re also not talking to the communities. We now have had several communities, like your lead-in piece, that have had to put their own local moratorium on data centers because they’re just concerned about the impact of these projects without notable gain for the communities. And that’s really one of the reasons that I’m so excited about this bill, is to make sure that communities have the opportunity to engage and that the framework is correct.
AMYGOODMAN: We’re talking about what? Almost half a dozen other states are looking at the kind of regulation you proposed and the Legislature passed. And can you talk about who specifically — can you name names? — are the AI lobby, and how they strategized to, how they tried to defeat this bill in Maine?
REP. MELANIESACHS: Right. So, we did — we do have several lobby firms that have tried to actually write amendments to the bill or have tried to offer other reports on the bill when it came out of committee. I’m not paid by a lobbyist. I don’t read their speeches on the floor, and I don’t think that that’s in the best interest of Maine to just cede our policy to lobbyists. I think that we need to make sure that we are writing the policy that is good for Maine, and not include them on, say, this council or to have that sort of orientation towards our communities and our natural resources. I write my own bills.
I worked very closely, actually, with the administration to write the initial bill, because I think this is important for Maine to be able to take charge and say this is how we protect rate payers, this is how we protect our natural environment, and this is how we look out for our communities. And that is really the important part about this bill. It is not a permanent pause or ban. It is a temporary ban to make sure that we have the work of the council and then the time to put those regulations in place to protect Maine.
AMYGOODMAN: Melanie Sachs, Democratic Maine state representative from Freeport, sponsored the statewide moratorium on new data centers, the first in the nation to be passed by a legislature. Now the governor has until April 25th to sign it, veto it or just let it become law.
Coming up, we go to Memphis, Tennessee, where the NAACP is suing Elon Musk and xAI for pollution from its data center power plants. We’ll speak to Memphis organizer KeShaun Pearson.
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AMYGOODMAN: “The Taker Story” by Chicano Batman.
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“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions
to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people,
can transform the world.” — Howard Zinn